FNAC of Salivary Gland Tumors

-
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of Salivary Gland Tumors
Introduction:
Salivary gland neoplasms though relatively uncommon are by no means rare, accounting for 3 % of all head and neck tumors. Distribution wise 80% of the tumors occur in parotid gland, 15% in submandibular gland and less than 1% in sublingual glands. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified the tumors of salivary gland as primary or secondary, malignant or benign and by the tissue of origin. The five broad – categories of salivary gland tumors are: Malignant tumors: e.g. Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma, Acinic cell Carcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, Benign tumors: e.g. Pleomorphic Adenoma, Warthin’s tumor, Myoepithelioma, Soft Tissue tumors: e.g. Hemangioma, Hematolymphoid tumors: e.g. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma & Secondary tumors. Of the malignant tumors Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma is the most common neoplasm occurring most frequently in the parotid gland. Exposure to radiation has been thought to play or role in the development. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma is the second most frequently encountered malignant tumor of salivary gland.


Several methods have been developed for the screening of salivary gland tumors. The method which has gains immense popularity amongst these in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).  It is a quick and reliable method of evaluating salivary gland lesions. It is minimally invasive, easy to perform and carries virtually no risks of complications except for mild irritation at the site of FNAC.
Diagnosis on FNAC can be difficult, as cytologist picture of different neoplasms show overlapping features so it requires a lot of expertise and experience. It is now used extensively for pre-operative evaluation of the salivary gland tumors and for formulating a suitable treatment plan. The FNAC is used to differentiate between malignant, benign and inflammatory lesions.
Discussion:
In the study of salivary gland tumors were observed in all age groups. However surprisingly diagnosed a malignant tumor in a 45 days old female patients and 40 to 50 days old male patients.  

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Hypogonadism

-
Image
Low Testosterone Low serum testosterone, also called Hypogonadism or Andropause, severely affects around 39% of men over the 45 years of age. The incidence of low testosterone generally increases with age. Symptoms Symptoms related with low testosterone could be either sexual or non-sexual. Sexual symptoms usually include weak erectile function, low libido and decreased sexual activity. Nonsexual symptoms often include increase in body fat, fatigue, decrease in muscle mass, and depression. Causes High blood pressure High cholesterol levels Diabetes Obesity Men who have a history of chronic opioid use                              Treatment options for Hypogonadism Testosterone. Gel therapy Testosterone injections and testosterone patches. Oral testosterone or implantable testosterone pellets Diagnosis Several tests are done to diagnose side effects su...
Read more

Pleural Effusion

-
Image
Pleural effusion , sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess  fluid  between the layers of the pleura  outside the lungs. The  pleura  are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing. Differential Diagnosis Exudative malignancy, infections, connective tissue disease, pulmonary embolism, hemothorax, pancreatitis, chylothorax Trabsydatuve HF, hypoalbuminemia (GI losing enteropathy, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition), SVC obstruction, hepatohydrothorax, urinothorax, atelectasis, trapped lung, peritoneal dialysis, hypothyroidism, pulmonary embolism Note: pulmonary embolism, malignancy, and sar coidosis can present as either exudative or transudative effusions. HF following diuresis may become ‘‘pseudo exudative’’ (check albumin gradient) Clinical Features History dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, weight loss, fever, trauma, occup...
Read more

Heart Failure

-
Image
Differential Diagnosis of HF Exacerbation/ Dyspnea Cardiac Myocardial HF exacerbation, myocardial infarction Valvur aortic stenosis, acute aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation/stenosis, endocarditis Pericardial Tamponade Dysrhythmia Respiratory Airway COPD exacerbation, asthma exacerbation, acute bronchitis, bronchiectasis, foreign body obstruction Parenchyma pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, ARDS, interstitial lung disease exacerbation Vascular pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension Pleural pneumothorax, pleural effusion Systemic sepsis, ARDS, metabolic acidosis, anemia, neuromuscular, psychogenic, anxiety. Pathophysiology Anatomic/Physiologic Classification of Cardiomyopathy Dilated (dilatation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles) idiopathic, ischemic, valvular, viral, genetic, late manifestation of hypertrophic heart disease, tachycardia induced, alcohol induced, peripartum. Hhypertrophic (disorder with dispro...
Read more